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history [03.10.2019:1204] – [Transition to Modern Age] 89.206.64.9history [20.07.2026:0502] (current) – aequivinius
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-=====History of Tea===== 
- 
 ====Tea in China==== ====Tea in China====
-  * In Chinese [[dynasty|T'ang dynasty]] (818-907), tea was popular in China. +  * In Chinese T'ang dynasty (818-907), tea was popular in China. 
   * 785 the famous //chajing// by Lu Yu is written   * 785 the famous //chajing// by Lu Yu is written
   * Tea drunk at that time was //dancha//: tea leaves are steamed, beaten into firm balls, which are then shaved into a powder and mixed with water, and sometimes additional spices.   * Tea drunk at that time was //dancha//: tea leaves are steamed, beaten into firm balls, which are then shaved into a powder and mixed with water, and sometimes additional spices.
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    * CNY infects Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1536-1598), he builds huts in his castles in Nagoya, Kyoto and Osaka)    * CNY infects Hideyoshi Toyotomi (1536-1598), he builds huts in his castles in Nagoya, Kyoto and Osaka)
  
-====Transition to Modern Age (CQ75, CQ76)====+====Europeans arriving in Japan==== 
 +   * In [[literature|CQ41]], it is described how the Christian missionaries arriving to Japan between around 1500 and 1600, were quite keen on CNY because they could get in touch with many people through it; and that 利休 learned about it, too (as exemplified by some of his 7 disciples being Christian - 3 say some, 5 others, 7 others still, arguing not all of them were openly Christian). 
 +       * Of 高山　うこん we know it for sure; and of 織部 also 
 +   * Portuguese or Spanish; either merchants (uninformed) or missionaries (who wrote great reports), eg Jesuit Luis Frois (1532-97) or Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606) 
 +         * They appreciated CNY especially, since it was not tied to religion. 
 +         * These missionaries were very respectful towards Japanese customs and culture, learning Japanese and social rules. 
 +         * Valignano ordered all Jesuit premises to have a tea room 
 +    * Most interesting figure: João Rodrigues (1561-1633), who explains 詫び as follows: 
 + 
 +{{ ::rodrigues.jpeg?direct&400 |}} 
 + 
 +  * Sen Soshitsu XV sais in [[literature|CQ41]] that the purification of utensils with a silk cloth and the purification of mouth and hands at the つくばい come from the Christian mass; but for me, that seems a bit far-fetched. He also compares the にじり口 to Matthew 7:13: //Enter by the narrow gate; ... for the gate is narrow and the way is hard, that leads to life, and those who find it are few.// (Again, I find this a tad too much, but it's a nice anecdote.)  
 + 
 +====XVI==== 
 +   * {{ ::restricted:historicalxvi.pdf | History in XVI (Thomson)}} 
 + 
 +====金森（かな　もり）clan (~1550-1650) (CQ77)=== 
 +   * warrior clans at that time pursued both the martial as well artistic, most importantly, CNY 
 +   * 3 generations:  
 +         * 長近（なが　ちか）(1524-1608). Founder of 金森 clan.  
 +         * 可重（よし　しげ or あり　しげ）(1558-1615): //valiant warrior, able administrator, accomplished man of culture// 
 +         * 重近（しげ　ちか）/ 宗和（そう　わ）(1584-1656). Didn't fight, only CNY. 
 + 
 +   * 長近: Upstart warrior; because he was good, he could ally himself with 3 important warlords: 
 +               * 織田信長（おだ　のぶなが）(1534-82). 長近 trained 8-year old 信長, and they fought together. 信長 gave 長近 his name (1560), hence they share 長. In 1582, 信長, having conquered about ⅓ of Japan, was assassinated, so 長近 joined 秀吉. Around that time, his son was also killed, so after that he became interested in Zen. 
 +               * 豊臣秀吉（とよとも　ひでよし）(1536-98). Continued to unify Japan after 信長. 長近 around that time adopted his son 可重; 秀吉 gave them some land around 高山, where they build a city. 秀吉 died in 1598, and 長近 went to 徳川家康. 
 +               * 徳川家康（とくがわ　いえやす）(1542-1616). Strongest warlord at that time. 
 +     * 長近 learned tea from 利休 and a rustic guy called 幽宅（ゆう　たく）; after 利休's suicide, 千道安（どう　あん）took shelter in 長近’s 高山 castle, and taught 長近's son 可重. Also friends with 古田織部（ふるた　おりべ）(1543-1615). 
 +     * 可重 friends with many important warriors and tea people, like 織部（おりべ）and 小堀遠州（こぼり　えんしゅう）(1579-1647). Died in 1615. 
 +     * 宗和: Eldest son of 可重, disobeyed an order of 徳川家康（とくがわ　いえやす）to join battle in 1614, was disinherited and moved to 京都（きょうと）. Also friends with 織部（おりべ）and 遠州（えんしゅう）, and with people of many different social circles. Highly regarded: Was called //princess// because his CNY was so elegant. 
 +           * He made some Seto potters move to 高山, so 高山 became an important city for 道具. 
 +           * He also worked closely together with the 御室（おむろ）kiln (1646-1704) established by [[ninsei|仁清]]（にん　せい）near 京都. 
 + 
 +^ Japanese ^ English ^ 
 +| //Ori rikutsu\\ Kirei kippa wa\\ Tōtōmi\\ Ohime Sōwa ni\\ Musashi Sōtan// | Oribe is disputatious\\ Enshū has refined beauty\\ And a cutting blade. \\ Sōwa is princess-like \\ And Sōtan squalid. | 
 + 
 + 
 +====Transition to Modern Age (CQ75)====
    * Middle of Edo period (1603-1868), CNY became a //genteel pastime// (//self-righteous decadence//). This annoyed two people:    * Middle of Edo period (1603-1868), CNY became a //genteel pastime// (//self-righteous decadence//). This annoyed two people:
        * **Matsudaira Fumai**, who tidied up lists of famous tea utensils, dispelling unscientific myths.        * **Matsudaira Fumai**, who tidied up lists of famous tea utensils, dispelling unscientific myths.
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            * They lament that during Meiji, all cultural focus is on the West, while the own art is neglected. This is why they collected so much of it.            * They lament that during Meiji, all cultural focus is on the West, while the own art is neglected. This is why they collected so much of it.
       * Sukisha fading around 1930 because they all died around that time; but Sen lineages picking up by now.       * Sukisha fading around 1930 because they all died around that time; but Sen lineages picking up by now.
-            * 1936 they held a grand tea gathering to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the Kitano gathering; and 12000 people came; and 1940, to commemorate 利休's 350th death anniversary, 5000 came.+            * 1936 they held a grand tea gathering to commemorate the 350th anniversary of the Kitano gathering; and 2000 people per day came; and 1940, to commemorate 利休's 350th death anniversary, 5000 came.
       * **Women**: Around 1907, tea ceremony became part of curriculum for women, in order to learn good manners. Around 1920, possibly, CNY shifted from male to female domination. 1929 Okakura's Book of Tea translated into Japanese. By 1936, CNY is on the radio, and people by a surprisingly high number of printed material on CNY.       * **Women**: Around 1907, tea ceremony became part of curriculum for women, in order to learn good manners. Around 1920, possibly, CNY shifted from male to female domination. 1929 Okakura's Book of Tea translated into Japanese. By 1936, CNY is on the radio, and people by a surprisingly high number of printed material on CNY.
       * After WW2, growth continues under the Sen lineage families.       * After WW2, growth continues under the Sen lineage families.
 +
 +====Transfiguration of 数寄（すき）(CQ76)====
 +   * took place around 1940. Developments that caused this:
 +      - Before that, tea gatherings organised by //corporate organisations// such as the Daishinkai and Kōetsukai (1922 and 1915, respectively). 数寄者（す　き　しゃ）such as Donnō would present their collections to the public
 +      - Grand public tea gatherings in 1936 and 1940
 +      - In Westernized Meiji climate, a lot of museums devoted to Japanese arts popped up between 1926-40), such as the Nezu Institute of Fine Arts.
 +   * Upside of this: the public becomes aware of CNY.  
 +
 +====家元 system====
 +   * Accordung to Thomson XI 2020
 +   * 家 for house, hierarchical, including secret teachings (hiden), and own set of 道具, which each head adding new items (or new boxes to existing items)
 +      * Preservation is very important, keeping the old ways
 +   * But in XVI that system wasn't in place, it was just tea masters (usually from Sakai and warlords). Preservation wasn't so important, there was room for innovation. 
 +       * やまのうえ sais: A tea master between 40-50 should bring his own style into CNY and breathe new fresh life into CNY.
  
 ====Sources==== ====Sources====
-  * [[Urasenke Chanoyu Handbook One]]+  * [[literature|Urasenke Chanoyu Handbook One]]
Last modified: 03.10.2019:1204